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Nubian pyramids

Coordinates: 16°56′15″N 33°44′55″E / 16.93750°N 33.74861°E / 16.93750; 33.74861
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Nubian pyramids
Aerial view of the pyramids of Meroë
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Location of Nubian pyramids
Alternative nameNubian pyramids
LocationSudan
Coordinates16°56′15″N 33°44′55″E / 16.93750°N 33.74861°E / 16.93750; 33.74861
TypePyramids
History
Founded800 BC – AD 100
Pyramid of Taharqa at Nuri , 51.75m in side length and possibly as much as 50m high, was the largest built in Sudan.[1]

The Nubian pyramids were built by the rulers of the ancient Kushite kingdoms. The area of the Nile valley known as Nubia, which lies in northern present-day Sudan, was the site of three Kushite kingdoms during antiquity. The capital of the first was at Kerma (2500–1500 BC). The second was centered on Napata (1000–300 BC). The third kingdom was centered on Meroë (300 BC–300 AD). The pyramids are built of granite and sandstone.

Heavily influenced by the Egyptians, Nubian kings built their own pyramids 1000 years after Egyptian burial methods had changed.[1] In Nubia, pyramids were built for the first time at El Kurru in 751 BC.[2] The Nubian-style pyramids emulated a form of Egyptian private elite family pyramid that was common during the New Kingdom.[3] There are twice as many Nubian pyramids still standing today as there are Egyptian.[1] Forty of the pyramids were partially demolished by an Italian treasure hunter, Giuseppe Ferlini, in the 1830s.[4] The Nubian pyramids are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[5]

Pyramids

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The Nubian pyramids were built over a period of a few hundred years to serve as tombs for the kings and queens and wealthy citizens of Napata and Meroë.

The first three sites are located around Napata in Lower Nubia, near the modern town of Karima. They were constructed using a shadoof counterbalanced lever hoist, of which the central pivot poles were left buried in the center of the pyramid and covered by their respective cap stones.[6]

The first of these was built at the site of el-Kurru, including the tombs of King Kashta and his son Piye, together with Piye's successors Shabaka, Shabataka, and Tanwetamani. Fourteen pyramids were constructed for their queens, several of whom were renowned warrior queens. Approximately 255 pyramids are known to have been constructed by the Nubians, more than double the number constructed in Ancient Egypt.[7]

Pyramids of Nubian kings Aspelta (foreground), Aramatle-qo and Amaninatakilebte at Nuri.

Later Napatan pyramids were sited at Nuri, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north on the opposite bank of the Nile. This necropolis was the burial place of 21 kings and 52 queens and princes including Anlami and Aspelta. The bodies of these kings were placed in huge granite sarcophagi. Aspelta's weighed 15.5 tons, and its lid weighed four tons.[8]

The oldest and largest pyramid at Nuri–and in all of Nubia–is that of the Napatan king and Twenty-fifth Dynasty pharaoh Taharqa. His tomb, standing at 160-180 feet tall, differed from other Nubian pyramids in the manner that it mirrored the tomb of Osiris, an Egyptian pyramid. The pyramid was built on the left bank of the Nile, typically the west bank representing sunset and death. However, due to the bend of the Nile at Nuri, the left bank is actually the east bank representing sunrise and rebirth. In this way, the tomb was used to associate Taharqa's passing with new beginnings and rebirth, paving the way to a new golden age with the ushering in of the next ruler.[9]

Wide view of Nubian pyramids, Meroë. Three of these pyramids are reconstructed.

Another small group of nine pyramids is located next to Jebel Barkal itself.

The most extensive Nubian pyramid site is at Meroë, which is located between the fifth and sixth cataracts of the Nile, approximately 240 kilometres (150 mi) north of Khartoum. During the Meroitic period, over forty queens and kings were buried there.

Between 2009 and 2012 a new group of pyramids was discovered near the village Sedeinga.[10]

Egyptian burial methods began to manifest in Nubia during Egyptian occupation of Nubia during the New Kingdom period. Small, mud-brick pyramids with courtyards began to accompany tombs. These earlier structures were found mainly at Kerma and throughout Egypt-occupied Nubia to the Second Cataract. As Egypt lost control over Nubia with the fall of the New Kingdom, local burial methods and tradition reemerged. In this intermediate period of time, elites were buried in large tumuli; these burials were surrounded by a chapel and brick walls and are believed to contain the ancestors of the rulers of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.[11]

In the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, with the Nubian conquest of Egypt, Nubian burial customs began to shift back towards the pyramid in Napata. The more traditional tumulus made way for the pyramid amongst Nubian royalty, but the chapels and underground burial chambers remained from the previous time period. These pyramids were inspired by Egyptian private pyramids dating back to the New Kingdom. Indeed, some burial chambers were decorated in the manner of the private pyramid.[11]

Eventually, the prosperity of the Nubian kingdom began to decline. Assyrians invaded Nubia, forcing Taharqa's successor to flee from Egypt. Following this, a new Egyptian dynasty formed, defeating the Nubians and regaining its independence in 593 B.C. In response, the capital of Nubia was moved from Napata to Meroe. Nubian rulers consequently chose to be entombed in the new capital, and a new group of pyramids was built at Meroe. The pyramids at Meroe were built beginning in 270 B.C. and the construction of these pyramids lasted for over 700 years. Centuries passed, until the Nubian kingdom based in Meroe eventually fell to the Romans. The last Nubian pyramid (and the last African pyramid) was built at Meroe around A.D. 350, finally closing the book on the millennia-long tradition.[6]

The physical proportions of Nubian pyramids differ markedly from the Egyptian pyramids: they are built of stepped courses of horizontally positioned stone blocks and range approximately 6–30 metres (20–98 ft) in height, but rise from fairly small foundation footprints, resulting in tall, narrow structures inclined at approximately 70°. Most also have offering temple structures abutting their base with unique Kushite characteristics. Egyptian pyramids of similar height generally had foundation footprints at least five times larger and were inclined at angles between 40–50°.

Furthermore, the Nubian pyramids are closely arranged in clusters, such that a selection of two pyramids may lie within touching distance of one another. The most striking difference, however, is that while Egyptian pyramids house tombs of rulers within, Nubian pyramids are built on top of the burial chambers. This was a longtime source of confusion to archaeologists until George Reisner discovered that the entryways were filled in and concealed following the ruler's funeral. In this way, the pyramids served as elaborate tombstones, and tributes to the Egyptian way.[6]

The Nubian pyramids were constructed using a combination of mud bricks and stone. The interior chambers were lined with plaster and decorated with scenes from the life of the deceased. The largest pyramid at Meroë is 30 metres (98 ft) high and is thought to have been built for the Nubian queen Amanishakheto.[12]

Layout of the pyramids of Meroë in 1821

The tombs inside the pyramids of Nubia were plundered in ancient times. Wall reliefs preserved in the tomb chapels reveal that their royal occupants were mummified, covered with jewellery and laid to rest in wooden mummy cases. At the time of their exploration by archaeologists in the 19th and 20th centuries, some pyramids were found to contain the remains of bows, quivers of arrows, archers' thumb rings, horse harnesses, wooden boxes, furniture, pottery, colored glass, metal vessels, and many other artefacts attesting to extensive Meroitic trade with Egypt and the Hellenistic world.

A pyramid excavated at Meroë included hundreds of heavy items such as large blocks decorated with rock art and 390 stones that comprised the pyramid. A cow buried complete with eye ointment was also unearthed in the area to be flooded by the Meroë Dam, as were ringing rocks that were tapped to create a melodic sound.[13]

Destructions
Great pyramid N6 of the Pyramids of Meroë, belonging to Queen Amanishakheto, before and after its destruction by the treasure-hunter Giuseppe Ferlini in the 1830s

In the 1830s Giuseppe Ferlini came to Meroe seeking treasure and raided and demolished a number of pyramids which had been found “in good conditions” by Frédéric Cailliaud just a few years earlier.[14] At Wad ban Naqa, he leveled the pyramid N6 of the kandake Amanishakheto starting from the top, and found dozens of gold and silver jewelry pieces. Overall, he is considered responsible for the destruction of over 40 pyramids.[14][15]

Ferlini raided the Meroe pyramids in 1834.

Ferlini returned home in 1836, having found the treasure he was looking for.[16] A year later he wrote a report of his expedition containing a catalog of his findings, which was translated in French and republished in 1838.[note 1][17] He tried to sell the treasure, but at this time nobody believed that such high quality jewellery could be made in Sub-Saharan Africa. His finds were finally sold in Germany: part of these were purchased by King Ludwig I of Bavaria and are now in the State Museum of Egyptian Art of Munich, while the remaining – under suggestions of Karl Richard Lepsius and of Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen – was bought by the Egyptian Museum of Berlin where it still is.[14]

George Reisner, a Harvard archaeologist, investigated the pyramids at Nuri and mapped more than 80 royal Kushite burials in 1916–1919.[18] Reisner started to explore burial chambers but he found they were flooded by the rising water table. During his excavation, a staircase collapsed and killed five of his workers. He abandoned his expedition believing it to be too dangerous.[18] Some of his findings were published in 1955.[19] Nonetheless, Reisner's work helped to piece together the history of an ancient kingdom, one that was previously little known outside of its biblical mentions.[6]

National Geographic funded explorations from 2015 to 2019 using underwater scuba diving equipment[20] and remote controlled robots.[21]

Pyramids and cemeteries

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See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Giuseppe Ferlini, Relation Historique des Fouilles Operées dans la Nubia par le docteur Joseph Ferlini de Bologna, suivie d'un catalogue des objets qu'il a trouvés dans l'une des quarante-sept pyramides aux environs de l'ancienne ville de Meroe, et d'une description des grands déserts de Coruscah et de Sinnaar. Rome, 1838.

References

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  1. ^ a b Takacs, Sarolta Anna; Cline, Eric H. (2015-07-17). The Ancient World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-45839-5.
  2. ^ Mitchell, Joseph; Mitchell, Helen Buss (2009-03-27). Taking Sides: Clashing Views in World History, Volume 1: The Ancient World to the Pre-Modern Era , Expanded. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-812758-8.
  3. ^ Kolb, Michael J. (2019-11-06). Making Sense of Monuments: Narratives of Time, Movement, and Scale. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-76492-9.
  4. ^ Melikian, Souren (2010-05-21). "The Mysteries of Meroe". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  5. ^ "Wonder at the Meroe Pyramids, Forgotten Relics of the Ancient World". Atlas Obscura. 2017-05-03. Retrieved 2017-07-31.
  6. ^ a b c d Brier, Bob (September–October 2002). "The Other Pyramids". Archaeology. 55 (5): 54–58. JSTOR 41779066 – via JSTOR.
  7. ^ Thompson, Emma (December 2022). "These mighty pyramids were built by one of Africa's earliest civilizations". www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022.
  8. ^ Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. Thames and Hudson. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-0-500-05084-2.
  9. ^ Kendall, Timothy (October 2003). "A tomb for all time". Calliope. 14 (2). Cricket Media – via Gale General OneFile.
  10. ^ Jarus, Owen (7 February 2013). "35 Ancient Pyramids Discovered in Sudan". foxnews.com. Fox News. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  11. ^ a b Fisher, Marjorie M.; Lacovara, Peter; Ikram, Salima; D’Auria, Sue (2012-09-06). Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 145–153. ISBN 978-1-64903-397-0.
  12. ^ "https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/ancient-nubian-pyramids/". National Geographic Society. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)[dead link]
  13. ^ Adams, Stephen (16 October 2008). "Ancient Egypt had powerful Sudan rival, British Museum dig shows". The Telegraph.
  14. ^ a b c Cimmino, Franco (1996). Storia delle Piramidi (in Italian). Milano: Rusconi. ISBN 88-18-70143-6., pp. 416-7
  15. ^ Welsby, Derek A. (1998). The kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic empire. Princeton, New Jersey: Markus Wiener., pp. 86; 185
  16. ^ Epitaph from his gravestone in the Certosa di Bologna.
  17. ^ Dawson, Warren R.; Uphill, Eric P. (1972). Who Was Who in Egyptology. London: Harrison & sons., p. 166
  18. ^ a b Emberling, Geoff (2014-04-04). "Continuing Excavations at an Ancient Burial Site Last Touched in 1919". National Geographic Society Newsroom. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  19. ^ Romey, Kristin (2019-07-02). "Dive beneath the pyramids of Egypt's black pharaohs". National Geographic, Culture & History. Archived from the original on March 17, 2020. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  20. ^ Gwin, Peter; Romey, Kirstin (2019-07-02). "Episode 4: Scuba diving in a pyramid". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  21. ^ Rappaport, Nora (2015-05-21). "Amazing Drone Footage of Nubian Pyramids". National Geographic Society Newsroom. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
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